This bibliography is provided as a starting point for your continuing research on ET in health and pathology.

Abraham DJ, Vancheeswaran R, Dashwood MR, et al. Increased levels of endothelin-1 and differential endothelin type A and B receptor expression in scleroderma-associated fibrotic lung disease. Am J Pathol. 1997;151:831–841.

Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature. 1990;348:730–732.

Bauer M, Wilkens H, Langer F, et al. Selective upregulation of endothelin B receptor gene expression in severe pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2002;105:1034–1036.

Belloni AS, Rossi GP, Andreis PG, et al. Endothelin adrenocortical secretagogue effect is mediated by the B receptor in rats. Hypertension. 1996;27:1153–1159.

Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Heart Disease. 2 vols. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 2001:372, 499, 1091, 1096, 1908–1935, 2100.

Cambrey AD, Harrison NK, Dawes KE, et al. Increased levels of endothelin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis contribute to fibroblast mitogenic activity in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994;11:439–445.

Carratu P, Scuri M, Styblo JL, et al. ET-1 induces mitogenesis in ovine airway smooth muscle cells via ET_A and ET_B receptors. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:L1021–L1024.

Channick RN, Rubin LJ. Endothelin receptor antagonism: a new era in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hyertension. Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension. 2002;1:13–17.

Channick RN, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, et al. Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2001;358:1119–1123.

Clarke JG, Benjamin N, Larkin SW, et al. Endothelin is a potent long-lasting vasoconstrictor in men. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:H2033–H2035.

Clozel M, Breu V, Gray GA, et al. Pharmacological characterization of bosentan, a new potent orally active nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;270:228–235.

Coker RK, Laurent GJ. Pulmonary fibrosis: cytokines in the balance. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:1218–1221. Review.

Cozza EN, Chiou S, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Endothelin-1 potentiation of angiotensin II stimulation of aldosterone production. Am J Physiol. 1992;262:R85–R89.

Cullen JP, Bell D, Kelso EJ, McDermott BJ. Use of A-192621 to provide evidence for involvement of endothelin ET(B)-receptors in endothelin-1-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;417:157–168.

Dagassan PH, Breu V, Clozel M, et al. Up-regulation ofendothelin-B receptors in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:147–153.

Davenport AP, Kuc RE, Maguire JJ, Harland SP. ET_A receptors predominate in the human vasculature and mediate constriction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1995;26(suppl 3):S265–S267.

Davie N, Haleen SJ, Upton PD, et al. ET(A) and ET(B) receptors modulate the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:398–405.

Demunter A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Degreef H, et al. Expression of the endothelin-B receptor in pigment cell lesions of the skin. Evidence for its role as tumor progression marker in malignant melanoma. Virchows Arch. 2001;438:485–491.

Dilworth JP, Baldwin DR. Respiratory Medicine. Amsterdam: Overseas Publishers Association, Harwood Academic; 2001:202–203.

Docherty CC, MacLean MR. Endothelin_B receptors in rabbit pulmonary resistance arteries: effect of left ventricular dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;284:895–903.

Dupuis J, Stewart DJ, Cernacek P, Gosselin G. Human pulmonary circulation is an important site for both clearance and production of endothelin-1. Circulation. 1996;94:1578–1584.

Eberle J, Weitmann S, Thieck O, et al. Downregulation of endothelin B receptor in human melanoma cell lines parallel to differentiation genes. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;112:925–932.

Fareh J, Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL, Thibault G. Endothelin-1 and angiotensin II receptors in cells from rat hypertrophied heart. Receptor regulation and intracellular Ca2+ modulation. Circ Res. 1996;78:302–311.

Filep JG. Endothelin peptides: biological actions and pathophysiological significance in the lung. Life Sci. 1993;52:119–133.

Filep JG, Fournier A, Foldes-Filep E. Acute pro-inflammatory actions of endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig lung: involvement of ET_A and ET_B receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;115:227–236.

Gaine SP, Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Lancet. 1998;352:719–725.

Galie N, Grigioni F, Bacchi-Reggiani L, et al. Relation of endothelin-1 to survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. [Abstract 273.] Eur J Clin Invest. 1996;26(Suppl 1): A48.

Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1732–1739.

Goraca A. New views on the role of endothelin. Endocr Regul. 2002;36:161-167.

Griswold DE, Douglas SA, Martin LD, et al. Targeted disruption of the endothelin-B-receptor gene attenuates inflammatory nociception and cutaneous inflammation in mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;36:S78–S81.

Grünig E, Janssen B, Mereles D, et al. Abnormal pulmonary artery pressure response in asymptomatic carriers of primary pulmonary hypertension gene. Circulation. 2000;102:1145–1150.

Haynes WG, Strachan FE, Webb DJ. Endothelin ET_A and ET_B receptors cause vasoconstriction of human resistance and capacitance vessels in vivo. Circulation. 1995;92:357–363.

Haynes WG, Webb DJ. Endothelin as a regulator of cardiovascular function in health and disease. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1081–1098.

Higenbottam TW, Laude EA. Endothelial dysfunction providing the basis for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: Giles F. Filley lecture. Chest. 1998;114:72S–79S. Review.

Hocher B, Schwarz A, Fagan KA, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis and chronic lung inflammation in ET-1 transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;23:19–26.

Iwasa S, Fan J, Shimokama T, Nagata M, Watanabe T. Increased immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 and endothelin B receptor in human atherosclerotic lesions. A possible role in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 1999;146:93–100.

Kaddoura S, Firth JD, Boheler KR, et al. Endothelin-1 is involved in norepinephrine-induced ventricular hypertrophy in vivo. Acute effects of bosentan, an orally active, mixed endothelin ET_A and ET_B receptor antagonist. Circulation. 1996;93:2068–2079.

Kanno K, Hirata Y, Tsujino M, et al. Up-regulation of ET_B receptor subtype mRNA by angiotensin II in rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993;194:1282–1287.

Katwa LC, Guarda E, Weber KT. Endothelin receptors in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res. 1993;27:2125–2129.

Kedzierski RM, Yanagisawa M. Endothelin system: the double-edged sword in health and disease. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:851–876.

Kikuchi K, Nakagawa H, Kadono T, et al. Decreased ET(B) receptor expression in human metastatic melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;219:734–739.

Kim NH, Rubin LJ. Endothelin in health and disease: endothelin receptor antagonists in the management of pulmonary artery hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2002;7:9–19.

Kiowski W. The endothelin-type-A receptor in dilated cardiomyopathy: another key player? Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1849–1851.

Kobayashi H, Nishimaki T, Kaise S, et al. Immunohistological study endothelin-1 and endothelin-A and B receptors in two patients with scleroderma renal crisis. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18:425–427.

Lahav R, Heffner G, Patterson PH. An endothelin receptor B antagonist inhibits growth and induces cell death in human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:11496–11500.

Levin ER. Endothelins. In: Epstein FH, ed. Mechanisms of Disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:356–363.

Lissoni P, Malugani F, Bonfanti A, et al. Abnormally enhanced blood concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in metastatic cancer patients and their relation to circulating dendritic cells, IL-12 and endothelin-1. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2001;15:140–144.

Lüscher TF, Barton M. Endothelins and endothelin receptor antagonists: therapeutic considerations for a novel class of cardiovascular drugs. Circulation. 2000;102:2434–2440.

MacLean MR. Endothelin-1: a mediator of pulmonary hypertension? Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 1998;11:125–132.

Mansoor AM, Honda M, Saida K, et al. Endothelin induced collagen remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995;215:981–986.

Masaki T, Miwa S, Sawamura T, Ninomiya H, Okamoto Y. Subcellular mechanisms of endothelin action in vascular system. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;375:133–138.

McCance KL, Huether SE. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002:1133.

Miyauchi T, Masaki T. Pathophysiology of endothelin in the cardiovascular system. Annu Rev Physiol. 1999;61:391–415.

Morelli S, Ferri C, Polettini E, et al. Plasma endothelin-1 levels, pulmonary hypertension, and lung fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Am J Med. 1995;99:255–260.

Muller DN, Mervaala EM, Schmidt F, et al. Effect of bosentan on NF-kappaB, inflammation, and tissue factor in angiotensin II-induced end-organ damage. Hypertension. 2000;36:282–290.

Panza JA, Cannon RO, eds. Endothelium, Nitric Oxide, and Atherosclerosis: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Armonk, NY: Futura; 1999.

Piacentini L, Gray M, Honbo NY, et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation through activation of protein kinase C. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32:565–576.

Prakash A, Perry CM. Bosentan. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2002;2:335–342.

Rae GA, Henriques MGMO. Endothelins in inflammation. In Said SI, ed. Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Peptides. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1998:163–202. Lenfant C, ed. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol. 112.

Rich S, ed. Primary pulmonary hypertension: executive summary. World Symposium—Primary Pulmonary Hypertension 1998. Evian, France; September 6–10, 1998.

Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:111–117.

Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, et al. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:896–903.

Russell FD, Molenaar P. The human heart endothelin system: ET-1 synthesis, storage, release and effect. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21:353–359.

Shi-Wen X, Denton CP, Dashwood MR, et al. Fibroblast matrix gene expression and connective tissue remodeling: role of endothelin-1. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116:417–425.

Sirois MG, Filep JG, Rousseau A, et al. Endothelin-1 enhances vascular permeability in conscious rats: role of thromboxane A₂. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;214:119–125.

Tsutamoto T, Hisanaga T, Fukai D, et al. Prognostic value of plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelin-1 concentration in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:803–808.

Yanagisawa M. The endothelin system. A new target for therapeutic intervention. [Editorial.] Circulation. 1994;89:1320–1322.

Yoshida K, Yasujima M, Kohzuki M, Kanazawa M, Yoshinaga K, Abe K. Endothelin-1 augments pressor response to angiotensin II infusion in rats. Hypertension. 1992;20:292–297.